Scale Overview & Construct
20-item self-report depression scale measuring depressive symptoms over the past week. Scores range from 0 to 60, with a threshold of 16 indicating clinically significant depression.
Purpose & Measurement Objectives
Instrument Specifications
Scientific Documentation & Psychometric Rigor
Internal Consistency & Reliability
Published general-population studies consistently report high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha typically above .85).
Construct & Criterion Validity
Extensively validated against clinical depression ratings across many population studies since 1977.
Academic Citations
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Academic Citation & Instrument Provenance
When referencing this instrument in research, academic theses, or clinical institutional audits, please cite the original author publication:
Governance, Boundaries & Ethical Use
Imported from the OpenScales open item-bank project. This specific digital implementation has not been independently clinically validated by PsiQ — scores are for self-reflection, research, and educational purposes only, and are not a diagnosis.
License: Public Domain (https://cesd-r.com/). Citation: Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. This is not a diagnostic tool. If you are in crisis or having thoughts of self-harm, please contact a licensed mental health professional or a crisis helpline in your country immediately.